Looks like somehow any connection to the Plesk license servers gets blocked.
Are there any alternative firewall applications running (like firewalld for example)? If there are, stop and disable those and try a telnet ka.plesk.com 443
connection again.
Else you could try (if you haven't already), is to temporarily turn of the Plesk firewall and fail2ban. See if that makes any difference. If it doesn't, you can try to run iptables -F
to Flush all iptables rules. This should normally not be necessary, but I might be worth a try. (Don't forget to turn your Firewall and Fail2ban back on once your finished.).
If that doesn't solve the issue either, there is likely some off-server firewall blocking the connection. In which is case it's probably best to ask your provider for assistance.