update: I now found out,that the wrog certificates were copied by the plesk extension. the have a new timestamp - but inside, it's old stuff...
For testing, I copied the cert of my webserver to the dovecot directory - and voila - the have a new expireation-date - but of course the wrong domain-info, as they were issued for the use in my webserver.
So the remaining questions is: were are the lets-certs stored? this could help to fix it for a moment by manually copying the files.
Later, I will check that with the people from the plugin manufacturer ..
thx